{
  "title": "TimeNivo Global Time-Zone Reference 2026",
  "version": "2026.07.29",
  "reviewed": "2026-07-29",
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "source_notes": [
    {
      "name": "IANA Time Zone Database",
      "url": "https://www.iana.org/time-zones",
      "use": "Time-zone identifiers and daylight-saving rules through the browser Intl implementation"
    },
    {
      "name": "ISO 3166",
      "url": "https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html",
      "use": "Country codes"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nager.Date",
      "url": "https://date.nager.at/",
      "use": "Published public-holiday reference; dates requiring an official or lunar announcement remain labelled expected"
    }
  ],
  "rows": [
    {
      "city": "Cairo",
      "country": "Egypt",
      "country_code": "EG",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Cairo",
      "week_start": "Saturday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Alexandria",
      "country": "Egypt",
      "country_code": "EG",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Cairo",
      "week_start": "Saturday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Riyadh",
      "country": "Saudi Arabia",
      "country_code": "SA",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Riyadh",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jeddah",
      "country": "Saudi Arabia",
      "country_code": "SA",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Riyadh",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Dubai",
      "country": "United Arab Emirates",
      "country_code": "AE",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Dubai",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Abu Dhabi",
      "country": "United Arab Emirates",
      "country_code": "AE",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Dubai",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Doha",
      "country": "Qatar",
      "country_code": "QA",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Qatar",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "London",
      "country": "United Kingdom",
      "country_code": "GB",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/London",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "New York",
      "country": "United States",
      "country_code": "US",
      "iana_zone": "America/New_York",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Los Angeles",
      "country": "United States",
      "country_code": "US",
      "iana_zone": "America/Los_Angeles",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Mumbai",
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "IN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kolkata",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "New Delhi",
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "IN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kolkata",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Sydney",
      "country": "Australia",
      "country_code": "AU",
      "iana_zone": "Australia/Sydney",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Melbourne",
      "country": "Australia",
      "country_code": "AU",
      "iana_zone": "Australia/Melbourne",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Toronto",
      "country": "Canada",
      "country_code": "CA",
      "iana_zone": "America/Toronto",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Vancouver",
      "country": "Canada",
      "country_code": "CA",
      "iana_zone": "America/Vancouver",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Berlin",
      "country": "Germany",
      "country_code": "DE",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Berlin",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Paris",
      "country": "France",
      "country_code": "FR",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Paris",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Madrid",
      "country": "Spain",
      "country_code": "ES",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Madrid",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Lisbon",
      "country": "Portugal",
      "country_code": "PT",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Lisbon",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Rome",
      "country": "Italy",
      "country_code": "IT",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Rome",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Istanbul",
      "country": "Türkiye",
      "country_code": "TR",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Istanbul",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Kuala Lumpur",
      "country": "Malaysia",
      "country_code": "MY",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kuala_Lumpur",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Singapore",
      "country": "Singapore",
      "country_code": "SG",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Singapore",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Tokyo",
      "country": "Japan",
      "country_code": "JP",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Tokyo",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Beijing",
      "country": "China",
      "country_code": "CN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Shanghai",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Shanghai",
      "country": "China",
      "country_code": "CN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Shanghai",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Johannesburg",
      "country": "South Africa",
      "country_code": "ZA",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Johannesburg",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Lagos",
      "country": "Nigeria",
      "country_code": "NG",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Lagos",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "São Paulo",
      "country": "Brazil",
      "country_code": "BR",
      "iana_zone": "America/Sao_Paulo",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Mexico City",
      "country": "Mexico",
      "country_code": "MX",
      "iana_zone": "America/Mexico_City",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Auckland",
      "country": "New Zealand",
      "country_code": "NZ",
      "iana_zone": "Pacific/Auckland",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Karachi",
      "country": "Pakistan",
      "country_code": "PK",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Karachi",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jakarta",
      "country": "Indonesia",
      "country_code": "ID",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Jakarta",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Giza",
      "country": "Egypt",
      "country_code": "EG",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Cairo",
      "week_start": "Saturday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Dammam",
      "country": "Saudi Arabia",
      "country_code": "SA",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Riyadh",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Sharjah",
      "country": "United Arab Emirates",
      "country_code": "AE",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Dubai",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Chicago",
      "country": "United States",
      "country_code": "US",
      "iana_zone": "America/Chicago",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Denver",
      "country": "United States",
      "country_code": "US",
      "iana_zone": "America/Denver",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Montreal",
      "country": "Canada",
      "country_code": "CA",
      "iana_zone": "America/Toronto",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Bengaluru",
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "IN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kolkata",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Kolkata",
      "country": "India",
      "country_code": "IN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kolkata",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Perth",
      "country": "Australia",
      "country_code": "AU",
      "iana_zone": "Australia/Perth",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Brisbane",
      "country": "Australia",
      "country_code": "AU",
      "iana_zone": "Australia/Brisbane",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Munich",
      "country": "Germany",
      "country_code": "DE",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Berlin",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Marseille",
      "country": "France",
      "country_code": "FR",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Paris",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Barcelona",
      "country": "Spain",
      "country_code": "ES",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Madrid",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Milan",
      "country": "Italy",
      "country_code": "IT",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Rome",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Rio de Janeiro",
      "country": "Brazil",
      "country_code": "BR",
      "iana_zone": "America/Sao_Paulo",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Guadalajara",
      "country": "Mexico",
      "country_code": "MX",
      "iana_zone": "America/Mexico_City",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Denpasar",
      "country": "Indonesia",
      "country_code": "ID",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Makassar",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "George Town",
      "country": "Malaysia",
      "country_code": "MY",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kuala_Lumpur",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Ankara",
      "country": "Türkiye",
      "country_code": "TR",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Istanbul",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Kuwait City",
      "country": "Kuwait",
      "country_code": "KW",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Kuwait",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Manama",
      "country": "Bahrain",
      "country_code": "BH",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Bahrain",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Muscat",
      "country": "Oman",
      "country_code": "OM",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Muscat",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Amman",
      "country": "Jordan",
      "country_code": "JO",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Amman",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Baghdad",
      "country": "Iraq",
      "country_code": "IQ",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Baghdad",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Beirut",
      "country": "Lebanon",
      "country_code": "LB",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Beirut",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Jerusalem",
      "country": "Israel",
      "country_code": "IL",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Jerusalem",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Casablanca",
      "country": "Morocco",
      "country_code": "MA",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Casablanca",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Algiers",
      "country": "Algeria",
      "country_code": "DZ",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Algiers",
      "week_start": "Saturday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Tunis",
      "country": "Tunisia",
      "country_code": "TN",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Tunis",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Nairobi",
      "country": "Kenya",
      "country_code": "KE",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Nairobi",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Accra",
      "country": "Ghana",
      "country_code": "GH",
      "iana_zone": "Africa/Accra",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Buenos Aires",
      "country": "Argentina",
      "country_code": "AR",
      "iana_zone": "America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Santiago",
      "country": "Chile",
      "country_code": "CL",
      "iana_zone": "America/Santiago",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Bogotá",
      "country": "Colombia",
      "country_code": "CO",
      "iana_zone": "America/Bogota",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Lima",
      "country": "Peru",
      "country_code": "PE",
      "iana_zone": "America/Lima",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Amsterdam",
      "country": "Netherlands",
      "country_code": "NL",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Amsterdam",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Zurich",
      "country": "Switzerland",
      "country_code": "CH",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Zurich",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Stockholm",
      "country": "Sweden",
      "country_code": "SE",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Stockholm",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Oslo",
      "country": "Norway",
      "country_code": "NO",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Oslo",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Warsaw",
      "country": "Poland",
      "country_code": "PL",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Warsaw",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Dublin",
      "country": "Ireland",
      "country_code": "IE",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Dublin",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Athens",
      "country": "Greece",
      "country_code": "GR",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Athens",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Moscow",
      "country": "Russia",
      "country_code": "RU",
      "iana_zone": "Europe/Moscow",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Seoul",
      "country": "South Korea",
      "country_code": "KR",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Seoul",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Manila",
      "country": "Philippines",
      "country_code": "PH",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Manila",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Bangkok",
      "country": "Thailand",
      "country_code": "TH",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Bangkok",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Dhaka",
      "country": "Bangladesh",
      "country_code": "BD",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Dhaka",
      "week_start": "Sunday",
      "typical_weekend": "Friday–Saturday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Hanoi",
      "country": "Vietnam",
      "country_code": "VN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    },
    {
      "city": "Ho Chi Minh City",
      "country": "Vietnam",
      "country_code": "VN",
      "iana_zone": "Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh",
      "week_start": "Monday",
      "typical_weekend": "Saturday–Sunday"
    }
  ]
}